This report explores the so-called "missing parts" in bridging the gap between academia and industry. Prior to this report, CRDS published a research report in 2022 titled, "Current Status and Issues of Academia-Industry Collaboration Bridging for the Formation of Innovation Ecosystems" that analyzed the status of research transfer activities and collaborative innovation efforts between academia and industry in Japan. Based on this, the current report is structured into the following five chapters:

• Chapter 1: Bridging Academia-Industry Collaboration for the Development of Science, Technology, and Innovation Ecosystems
• Chapter 2: Missing Part (1): Technology-Driven Bridging of Academia-Industry Collaboration
• Chapter 3: Missing Part (2): Design-Driven Bridging of Academia-Industry Collaboration
• Chapter 4: Missing Part (3): A Bridging Hub or Place to Promote Academia-Industry Co-creation Collaboration
• Chapter 5: Summary: Constructing an Implementation Flow for Bridging Academia-Industry Collaboration in Science, Technology, and Innovation

Chapter 1 begins with an overview of recent trends in science, technology, and innovation policies, as well as policies aimed at fostering academia-industry collaboration. It then identifies the "missing parts" that have not received sufficient attention and examines their relationship with the creation of science, technology, and innovation. In recent years, the goals and scope of science, technology, and innovation policies have broadened, necessitating the development of ecosystems capable of creating diverse and multidimensional value. However, existing initiatives in bridging academia-industry collaboration have not adequately addressed this diversity and multidimensionality. Based on this awareness, this report aims to identify factors influencing the "social diffusion" of innovations, with a broad perspective encompassing various technologies and industrial fields. Specifically, the report defines three key perspectives as "missing parts": effective intellectual property acquisition, design, and a hub or place for co-creation, and sets these as the basis for discussions in the following chapters.

Chapter 2 examines bridging technology-driven academia-industry collaboration in the context of science, technology, and innovation ecosystems, emphasizing the critical role of intellectual property rights in translating the technological outcomes from research into society applications. It differentiates between intellectual property created through academic R&D activities and the legal concept of intellectual property rights, and discusses the importance of academia securing and utilizing such rights more effectively. Additionally, it examines trends over the past 15 years in patent families from major domestic and international universities and research institutions, based on statistical analysis. Furthermore, based on interviews with domestic universities, this chapter identifies the current key challenges in academic intellectual property management, referred to as the "missing parts," and explores potential solutions to enhancing academic intellectual property management from various perspectives.

Chapter 3 examines the current state of design-driven bridging of academia-industry collaboration, which is regarded as particularly effective in addressing complex societal challenges, including those related to information services and software development, environmental and energy issues, and demographic shifts such as aging populations. This study defines the utilization of design as "a process to create innovation by exploring new meanings of science and technology and visualizing the future of people and communities within those contexts." Based on this framework, the report compares advanced international examples from the UK, EU, and the US with domestic Japanese case studies. The UK, for example, stands out as a frontrunner in promoting policies and funding programs related to design, actively pursuing comprehensive initiatives to maximize synergies between science, technology, and design. In contrast, Japan has rarely explicitly addressed design-driven bridging of academia-industry collaboration in its science, technology, and innovation policies, although there have been some active movements, such as the establishment of design-related academia-industry collaboration organizations at universities and national research institutes. This chapter provides an overview of these trends and discusses the significance and conceptual underpinnings of design-driven bridging of academia-industry collaboration.

Chapter 4 investigates the interactions and forms of bridging that take place within a hub or place for industry-academia co-creation, where stakeholders from academia, industry, and intermediaries converge. When intellectual property and design are recognized as critical components of the ecosystems, the activities of academia and industry related to these elements cannot function independently. Their value is realized only through the interactions between the two sectors. To address this, this chapter refines the basic mechanisms needed to construct a hub or place for academia-industry co-creation, and provides a comprehensive overview of the specific forms these platforms take when they are tailored to the technology-driven and design-driven approaches to bridging academia-industry collaboration discussed in chapters 2 and 3.

Finally, Chapter 5 synthesizes the findings from chapters 1 through 4 and attempts to construct an implementation flow for bridging academia-industry collaboration. It envisions a scenario in which academia and industry, each with their distinct resources and motivations, actively contribute their respective strengths and assets to forming collaborative platforms. By integrating the approaches of technology-driven and design-driven bridging for collaboration, academia and industry can engage in ongoing dialogues to co-create new value.

• (in Japanese) Issues in Bridging Academia-Industry Collaboration for Science, Technology, and Innovation Ecosystems: from the Perspectives of Intellectual Property, Design and Co-Creation - The Beyond Disciplines Collection -