Here we provide Panoramic View Report 2019, for life science and clinical research field. This report guides you to show the latest development of science and technology related to biological and medical science, ranging from basic to applied. The report mainly covers the recent topics in Japan, with comprehensive comparison to worldwide trends.
The topics and research area argued in this report are carefully chosen following our criteria: i) basic research topics which could contribute for applied biological/medical research in the future.
ii) transformative technological developments that are effective in wide range of science. Over all, research topics which could be applied by any means in the society are listed as much as possible.
As we identified that development in science/technology and the society activity are mutually influencing each other, we have provided the analysis on the influence from the society to scientific development in chapter one. This includes the overview of the research strategies and the dramatic changes in research system/facility observed in developed countries, mainly in the US and in Europe.
The detailed descriptions of recent development in science/technology in each topic are illustrated in chapter two; in total 35 topics are categorised into 5 sections, reflecting the direction of their application.

As argued in chapter one, findings of basic research contribute for the development and improvement of social foundations, such as health care, food security, and environmental issues. Outcomes of basic research provide precursors of new technologies, and such crude new technologies are applied in a small scale as test cases followed by bigger social implementation. The consequences and effectiveness are examined in the society and such assessment facilitates to identify the problems to be solved and to set new hypothesis to be examined in future basic research activities. Such iterative structure can be observed in the process of the application of the outcomes of basic research activities.

The worldwide trends of rise in precision medicine and bio-economy are the good examples of the research fields which have such iterative structure. Resent quick development of ICT related technologies has enabled to collect various types of big data from society, which in turn could provide clues of further research targets: the iterative nature of the relationship between basic research, applied science, and the implementation in society has to be recognised with further importance.
In such an era, cultivating science and technology itself as a culture of society and people, that is, continue to create diverse and creative cutting edge "knowledge" assets, and with society and people It is necessary to form a culture that develops science as a society while mutually giving feedback through dialogue. Naturally, this is not a problem solved only by universities etc., but policy makers, industry and scientific circles must cooperate and share in order to build a recycling-type ecosystem.
Rapid advances in ICT technology, including measurement technology, AI and machine learning, are changing the paradigm of research in the field and methods. The trend of automation and scale-up is expected to continue.
In the previous 2017 edition, in addition to the "hypothesis verification type" approach, the understanding of life phenomena has progressed by a new "data-driven" approach that discovers a rule from a large amount of life information. It is summarised that "prediction" will be a big direction.
In this 2019 edition, as its development system, researchers or research communities can now widely view the circulation structure of research and development and the spatiotemporal hierarchy of life as a research object and as a result of shortening of the technological progress cycle, we would like to mention that high throughput and high cost per research unit, that is," big science" is rapidly advancing.

As a stream of science, many genes and proteins of living organisms have been identified so far, but their interaction and spatiotemporal behaviour (dynamics) in living system can hardly be described. In the future, it is the natural flow that research is going on in correlation, dynamics, and prediction rather than the discovery of specific factors.
The other is, as typified by gene therapy, in addition to conventional physicochemical measurements, the concept of "society measurement" to observe and analyse various situations and fluctuations of society from a large amount of data is also needed.
Looking at the world's leading research institutes, two major direction were observed. One is that direction to dig and deeper into basic science with rich public funding such as the US Janelia Research Campus, UK MRC's Molecular Biology Laboratory and Max Planck Institute in Germany. The other is that based on large-scale "Open Science, Collaboration (Biology + Medicine + Engineering + Informatics, Life Science + Medical Science + Hospital, Industry + Science, International)" system, with a direction to advance research in one stop from translation to translation, such as US Broad Institute, UK Francis Click Institute, and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ).
Common to all cases is that, in Europe and the United States, core facilities and facility staff (technicians) are at the core as the research system for promoting cutting-edge emerging fusion research, open science, and collaborative research. For example, in Europe, multi-tiered infrastructure platform strategies are being developed for large-scale as well as small- and medium-sized devices, at research institute level, national level and European level. Therefore, the research support system (administration, bridging, human resources such as equipment management and development) culture has been nicely organised.
Academia in Japan is becoming decentralized and sectored, and it has become an environment and structure where research such as linking the spatiotemporal hierarchy of life through the cyclical structure of such research and development is difficult. In addition, the ecosystem has not been successfully constructed as to who is in charge of deep basic research and who is in charge of large-scale basic to applied research. The introduction of next-generation sequencing and cryo-electron microscopy is lagging behind in the world.
Looking at trends in publication in the field of life/clinical science, Japan also has a relatively low growth rate compared to other countries in the past 10 years, becoming in behind of Germany and the UK. In particular, looking at publications in the field of omics and informatics, which are emerging inter-disciplinal fields, it is clear that we cannot keep up with the world.
It is necessary in Japan to establish a research platform that can promote research in integrated data and information and establish a research ecosystem platform by networking. Policy makers and research communities should plan research initiatives/projects with aware of the following points.

• Building research environment where researchers can concentrate on their research
• Overall cost efficiency by sharing equipment
• Start-up environment improvement for young researchers
• Creation of new science by fusion of different fields
• Wet / Dry Integration and Human Resource Development
• Standardization of data management and measurement technology
• From mouse to human, from lab to field (human resources development and research)
• Cost / time reduction from basic research to innovation by integration of different fields (life sciences / engineering / informatics / medicine) and university-industry collaboration.

In the following, based on the trends of the world and Japan (current situation and issues), we would like to examine the directionality of research that Japan should tackle. First, regarding trends in the world, the major trends of policy in each country in the past five years are organized as follows.

<Health and medical fields>

• Genome based medical treatment and precision medicine (focusing on cancer) -Health and medical informatics, AI medicine, AI drug discovery
• Drug discovery: immunotherapy for cancer treatment, central nervous system, infectious disease
• Industry-academia collaborative research by large-scale public-private partnerships (especially infectious diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders)
• Cell therapy, gene therapy
• Brain and neuro science (long-term research)

<Food and agriculture, Bio-based material production fields>

• International issues: climate change and bioeconomy
• Technological progress: genome editing and AI, machine learning
• Food and Agriculture field: Sustainability, climate change, recycling, smart agriculture
• Material production field: Synthetic biology (promoted mainly in US, UK, China)

There are many common research themes that are major investment targets worldwide. Research and development involving society and the public, as represented by individualization and stratification medicine and the bioeconomy, has become a major trend.
In addition, we have identified following six trends as the major trends in recent advancement in science and technology observed in Japan:

• Growth of single cell omics technology and understanding of cell society and heterogeneity and understanding of diseases
• Improvement of resolution of each living body scale by development of imaging technology such as cryo electron microscope, super resolution microscope, light sheet microscope
• Development of medical and food applications by improving the accuracy of genome editing technology.
• Steady penetration of AI and machine learning in life sciences and clinics.
• Emergence of new drug discovery approaches.
• Continuation of major trends in research and development that require social and public understanding such as individualization and stratification medicine, precision medicine, genomic medicine and drug discovery, and bioeconomy.

Next, we have found out following Japan's strength comparing to worldwide research trends, based on the international benchmarks appeared in Chapter 2:
In basic research area," structural analysis"," extracellular particles"," immune science", "science related to circadian rhythm", "brain neuroscience", "optical imaging", "nuclear magnetic imaging", "plant science", "livestock science", "Polymer drugs", "stem cells and regenerative medicine", "organoid", "lifestyle related diseases", and "mental and neurological diseases".
In applied science," extracellular particles"," fisheries, functional foods"," polymer drugs", "stem cells and regenerative medicine", and" psychiatric disorders".
On the other hand, Japan is not in the front line in the areas of "gene therapy and cell therapy", and the area of "precision medicine for cancer treatment based on genomic information".
Based on the analysis on global R&D trends, global policies, Japan's past policies, Japan's strengths, and weaknesses, we would propose following nine themes which have to receive public investment.

<Health and medical fields>
Global outlook: Personalized medicine

• Integration of Bio-Medical Things -Strategic acceleration of "human research" and "data research"-
  • Development of health and medical data collection, structuring and utilization infrastructure
  • Support for promoting "human research" by non-MD researchers (including medical education in undergraduate and graduate school)
• Fundamental technology development for the creation of artificial cells and medical application

<Food and agriculture, Bio-based material production fields>
Global outlook: bioeconomy

• Elucidation of material circulation connecting microorganisms, crops and environment in the field -agriculture that is truly friendly to the global environment-
• Development of breeding and aquaculture technologies for high-speed, sustainable production of high quality marine and livestock products
• Creation of functional agricultural products and high value-added substance production by plants
• Elucidation of design rules of biological system for sustainable production of useful substances such as pharmaceuticals and chemical products -science bridging nucleic acids, proteins and cells-

<Science frontier fields>
Global outlook: Bridging Spatio-temporal Hierarchy in Multidimensional Life Systemse

• Atomic Cell Dynamics -Integration of cellular knowledge for structure-function correlation prediction-
• Live Cell Atlas -Understanding the dynamic network structure of diverse and complex cellular communities by multidimensional analysis-
• Understanding the guiding principles of the brain by fusion of theoretical and experimental approaches
  • Hierarchy (whole brain, individual area, column, cell, synapse, molecule) and scale of spatio-temporal synchrony It can be said that in common with these, research on

It can be said that in common with these, research on data and information integration is required. In order to do so, it is necessary for researchers of mathematics and information to lead and create a platform for aggregating and integrating data and information from each researcher and to build a system for modelling.
In addition, under the recognition that ELSI (Ethical, Legal and Social Issues) is a codriver for innovation, it is essential for program projects that communication with society and the public is required to involve social scientists and legal scholars, etc. It is required that science be rooted in the culture of the country.